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Given D V, I sp , and M 0 (e.g., launch vehicle injection capability): Find Payload mass (M PL ) M b = M 0 EXP(- D V/g c I sp ) M p = M 0 - M b M Dry = M Fixed + TF • M p and M Fixed = a • P e , etc. M PL = M 0 - M Dry Given D V, I sp , and M PL : Find initial "wet" mass (M 0 ) Initial "guess" value for M p (=0) M Dry = M Fixed + TF • M p and M Fixed = a • P e , etc.